Luxembourg
Capital: Luxembourg · Western Europe
Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe.
Photo: Dietmar Rabich, CC BY-SA 4.0 · source
Belgian-Luxembourgish meeting at the nature reserve Marais de Grendel at Grendel on November 13 2009. The reserve crosses the frontier between the two countries.
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Fragmentary wayside cross and spring between Girst and Dickweiler (Luxembourg) at the CR370.
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Luxembourg city, the river Alzette in the town quarter Grund
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Did you know?
As part of the Low Countries, Luxembourg has close historic, political, and cultural ties to Belgium and the Netherlands. Luxembourg's culture, people, and languages are greatly influenced by France and Germany: Luxembourgish, a Germanic language, is the only recognized national language of the Luxembourgish people and of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; French is the sole language for legislation; and both languages along with German are used for administrative matters.
With an area of 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi), Luxembourg is Europe's seventh-smallest country.
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The Adolphe Bridge seen here in August 2018 following the completion of major renovation works, including; the suspension between its arches of a lower deck for bicycle…
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Itzig, watermill
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Luxembourg-Grund, taken from Corniche, Luxembourg City
Photo: André Schulze Camera location 49° 36′ 37.12″ N, 6° 08′…, CC BY-SA 2.0 · source
History
The first traces of settlement in what is now Luxembourg are dated back to the Palaeolithic Age, about 35,000 years ago. From the 6th century BC, Celtic tribes settled in the region between the rivers Rhine and Meuse.
Six centuries later, the Romans named the Celtic tribes inhabiting these exact regions collectively as the Treveri. Many examples of archaeological evidence proving their existence in Luxembourg have been discovered, the most famous being the Oppidum of Titelberg.
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D'Bamallee bei d' Schlass Biertreng.
Photo: Jwh, Public domain · source
Schiessentümpel (View of the waterfall from the bridge) in Müllerthal , Luxembourg The Schiessentümpel (also known as Schéissendëmpel) is a picturesque waterfall in the…
Photo: Dietmar Rabich, CC BY-SA 4.0 · source
Geography
Luxembourg is one of Europe's smallest countries, ranking 168th in size of the 194 independent countries of the world; it is about 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi) in size, measuring 82 km (51 mi) long and 57 km (35 mi) wide. It lies between latitudes 49° and 51° N, and longitudes 5° and 7° E.
To the east, Luxembourg borders the German Bundesländer of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, and to the south, it borders the French région of Grand Est (Lorraine). The Grand Duchy borders Belgium's Wallonia, in particular the Belgian provinces of Luxembourg and Liège, part of which comprises the German-speaking Community of Belgium, to the west and to the north, respectively.
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Luxembourg City, Petrusse valley: walls of the ancient fortress and a beech listed with the remarkable trees of Luxembourg. The statue of the 'Golden Lady' on place de…
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Wayside cross at Lellig (Luxembourg), just outside the village at the CR139, dir. Echernach.
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Hohllay (“hollow rock”) in Berdorf , Luxembourg The Hohllay, also known as Huel Lee, is an impressive rock formation in Luxembourg’s “Gutland” region, more precisely in…
Photo: Dietmar Rabich, CC BY-SA 4.0 · source
Government and politics
Luxembourg is described as a "full democracy", with a parliamentary democracy headed by a constitutional monarch. Executive power is exercised by the grand duke and the cabinet, which consists of several members with the titles of minister, minister delegate or secretary of state, who are headed by a Prime Minister. The current Constitution of Luxembourg, the supreme law of Luxembourg, was originally adopted on 17 October 1868. The Constitution was last updated on 1 July 2023.
The grand duke has the power to dissolve the legislature, in which case new elections must be held within three months.
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Luxembourg: part of the protected zone 'Dumongshaff' at Schifflange. The river Alzette is seen in the foreground.
Photo: Cayambe, CC BY-SA 3.0 · source
General view of Bivels, Luxembourg (view South).
Photo: Palauenc05, CC BY-SA 4.0 · source
Economy
Luxembourg's stable and high-income market economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and a high level of innovation. Unemployment is traditionally low, though it reached 6.1% by May 2012 after the Great Recession. In 2011, according to the IMF, Luxembourg was the world's second-richest country, with a per capita GDP on a purchasing-power parity (PPP) basis of $80,119; by 2023 it was ranked first. Its GDP per capita in purchasing power standards was 261% of the EU average (100%) in 2019.
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Demographics
The people of Luxembourg are called Luxembourgers. The immigrant population increased in the 20th century due to the arrival of immigrants from Belgium, France, Italy, Germany, and Portugal; the last comprised the largest group. In 2013 about 88,000 Luxembourg inhabitants possessed Portuguese nationality. In 2025, there were 681,973 permanent residents, 47% of which were of foreign nationals; the largest foreign national groups were the Portuguese, comprising 13.2% of the total population, followed by the French (7.2%), Italians (3.7%), Belgians (2.7%) and Germans (1.8%). Another 7.2% were of another EU nationality, 3.5% were non-EU European, and 7.2% were from outside Europe.
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Culture
Luxembourg has been heavily influenced by the culture of its neighbours. It retains a number of folk traditions, having been for much of its history a profoundly rural country. There are several notable museums, located mostly in the capital. These include the National Museum of History and Art (NMHA), the Luxembourg City History Museum, and the new Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art (Mudam). The National Museum of Military History (MNHM) in Diekirch is especially known for its representations of the Battle of the Bulge. The Old City of Luxembourg is part of the UNESCO World Heritage List, on account of the historical importance of its fortifications.
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